Sweden

Overview

Sweden's period of military dominance — the Swedish Empire (Stormaktstiden, "Age of Greatness," c. 1611–1721) — was built on military reforms that combined pike, musket, and mobile artillery more effectively than any contemporary power. King Gustavus Adolphus (r. 1611–1632) is widely regarded as the father of modern warfare, and his innovations shaped European military tactics for generations.

Gustavus Adolphus's Reforms

Infantry

• Reduced pike length from 16–18 feet to 11 feet; lighter and faster
• Increased the proportion of musketeers; issued lighter muskets that could be fired without a forked rest
• Trained musketeers to deliver massed salvo fire rather than the slow countermarch
• Combined infantry and cavalry in coordinated attacks

Artillery

• Introduced light regimental guns — 3-pounder cannon light enough for infantry to drag themselves; gave each infantry regiment its own artillery support
• Standardized ammunition across the army
• Used concentrated battery fire to prepare infantry attacks

Cavalry

• Returned Swedish cavalry to the sword charge, abandoning the slow caracole (ride up, pistol shot, retreat)
• Cavalry charged with drawn sabers, pistols used only at the moment of impact

Modern Swedish Arms

Sweden has a remarkable small-country arms industry:

• Bofors 40mm L/60 and L/70 — The most successful anti-aircraft guns in history; licensed and produced across dozens of countries; still in widespread use
• Carl Gustaf M2/M3 (84mm recoilless rifle) — Multi-purpose infantry weapon; rocket/recoilless; widely used by special forces worldwide including US Army Rangers and Delta Force
• AT4 — Single-shot disposable rocket launcher; lighter replacement for the LAW; used by US and NATO forces
• RBS-70 — Short-range surface-to-air missile system
• Gripen (JAS 39) — Multirole fighter aircraft; exported to several nations

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