Korean War

1950 – 1953

Overview

The Korean War was fought between UN forces (primarily American, South Korean, and allied nations) and Communist forces (North Korean and Chinese People's Volunteer Army, with Soviet support). It began with a North Korean invasion across the 38th Parallel on 25 June 1950 and ended in armistice on 27 July 1953 — with the border essentially restored to its pre-war position. It was a conflict of enormous intensity fought primarily with WWII-era weapons, but with the first jet-vs-jet air combat and early use of helicopters for medical evacuation.

Small Arms

Both sides used weapons that were essentially unchanged from WWII:

UN Forces

• M1 Garand — The standard American rifle; 8-round semi-automatic; reliable in Korea's extreme cold
• M1 Carbine — Lighter semi-automatic; issued to support troops; had reliability problems in extreme cold with its operating spring
• BAR (M1918A2) — The squad automatic weapon; .30-06; 20-round magazine
• M1919A6 Browning — Light version of the M1919 machine gun; bipod-mounted
• M2 .50 caliber — Heavy machine gun; vehicle-mounted and in fixed positions
• M3 "Grease Gun" — .45 ACP submachine gun; simple and reliable
• M20 "Super Bazooka" — 3.5-inch rocket launcher; developed after the 2.36-inch bazooka proved unable to penetrate the North Korean T-34 tank

Communist Forces

• Mosin-Nagant M91/30 — Standard North Korean and Chinese infantry rifle; bolt-action
• PPSh-41 — Soviet 7.62mm submachine gun; 71-round drum; widely issued to Chinese forces; entire Chinese units armed exclusively with PPSh-41s at close range
• DP-27 — Soviet light machine gun; pan magazine
• T-34/85 — Soviet tank supplied to North Korea; at the war's start, it was technically superior to anything US forces in Korea had; the M20 Super Bazooka was rushed into production to counter it

Artillery

Artillery was arguably the dominant weapon of the Korean War, particularly in the static trench warfare of 1951–1953:

• M101 105mm howitzer — Standard US light field piece
• M114 155mm howitzer — Medium artillery; critical in defensive fighting
• M1 8-inch howitzer — Heavy artillery for counter-battery and fortification reduction
• Soviet 122mm and 152mm howitzers — Chinese/North Korean heavy artillery

Aviation: First Jet Combat

Korea saw the first sustained combat between jet aircraft:

• F-86 Sabre (US) vs. MiG-15 (Soviet/Chinese/North Korean) — "MiG Alley" in northwest Korea; roughly equal performance; American pilot training proved superior; 10:1 kill ratio claimed by US (disputed)
• F-80 Shooting Star, F-84 Thunderjet — Ground attack; close air support
• B-29 Superfortress — Strategic bombing; vulnerable to MiG-15s; escorts became essential

Helicopters

The Korean War was the first conflict where helicopters were used systematically for medical evacuation (MEDEVAC). The Sikorsky H-13 Sioux (immortalized in MAS*H) and larger H-19 transported wounded from frontlines to MASH units, dramatically improving survival rates.

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